Epidemiology HIV Paper - 1382 Words

Paola A Torres Grand Canyon University: NRS- 427V 12/14/2014 HIV COMMUNICABLE DISEASE AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is defined by the Mayo Clinic as A chronic, potentially life-threatening condition which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV damages the immune system, and interferes with the ability the body has to fight the disease causing organism (Mayo Clinic, 2014). HIV is an infection transmitted sexually. Another mode of transmission for HIV is by exposure to infected blood, or it could also be transmitted from the mother to the unborn child during the course of pregnancy, at childbirth or through breastfeeding. It may take several years for the HIV virus to weaken the immune system†¦show more content†¦Biology and genetics: Sex, gender, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity. Various studies show evidence that link the relationship between social determinants of health and the risk for HIV. Interrelated social determinants of health can create a context of vulnerability and risk for HIV. It is very important to be able t o recognize the interrelation components of HIV risk in order determine the HIV prevention response that is the most effective. For instance, research shows that HIV rates are significantly higher in Black men who have sex with men (MSM) than for MSM of other races. These rates, which are very disproportionate, are not attributable to a higher frequency of sexual risk behaviors. To appropriately address risk for MSM of different races, it is imperative to understand the process of disease transmission among these populations, in other words, the social determinants of health that are involved, such as access to healthcare (CHLA, 2012). The epidemiologic triangle is composed of, the agent, the host, and the environment. The International Partnership for Microbicides (IPM) describes the HIV as causative agent for AIDS. According to the IPM, â€Å"the most common type is known as HIV-1 and is the infectious agent that has led to the worldwide AIDS epidemic. There is also an HIV-2 tha t is much less common and less virulent, butShow MoreRelatedEpidemiology Paper on Hiv800 Words   |  4 PagesPromotion May 16, 2014 HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It can lead to immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS. It is caused by the HIV entering the uninfected body and stats to destroy CD4+cells which are there to help the body fight infection and disease (Webmd.com, 2014). Once you have HIV, you have it for life. More than 1.1 million people in United States alone are living with HIV and 1 out of 6 font even know it. About 50,000 people are infected with HIV each year (Cdc.gov, 2014).Read MoreThe Prevention Of Infectious Disease1596 Words   |  7 PagesEcology of Infectious Disease Final Exam HIV Public Health Campaign Purpose of the Guide to HIV Infection for Healthcare Professionals Presented on pages 1 through 3 is a mock guide that will be handed out to public health professionals for the purpose of identifying and treating those afflicted with HIV. General Information on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus with Specified Information for the Healthcare Professional Human Immunodeficiency Virus or HIV is a single stranded positive sense RNARead MoreExamples Of Position Of Officer967 Words   |  4 Pagesearned my MD from Kabul Medical University specializing in Family Medicine. I then earned an Executive MBA in Health Management and Administration from Preston University Pakistan. Subsequently, I earned my Dual MPH degree in Epidemiology and Global Health, and my PhD in Epidemiology at the University of South Florida, College of Public Health. Here, I would like to briefly address the critical competencies in the position description. With over 10 years of experience in public health, I have ledRead MoreEpidemiology Paper1518 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Running head: Epidemiology paper: Tuberculosis Epidemiology Paper: Tuberculosis Richard Doria Grand Canyon University NRS-427V October 5, 2014 Epidemiology Paper: Tuberculosis â€Å"Tuberculosis (TB), a multisystem disease with myriad presentations and manifestations, is the most common cause of infectious disease–related mortality worldwide. Although TB rates are decreasing in the United States, the disease is becoming more common in many parts of the world. In addition, the prevalenceRead MoreHiv Epidemiology1228 Words   |  5 PagesHIV Epidemiology HIV Epidemiology For the epidemiology paper I chose to write about HIV. HIV is growing concern in the community and too many people are uneducated about the seriousness of this disease. HIV is terminal illness; it will eventually consume your life at some point. There are treatment options out there but being compliant with the medication regimen is crucial to the maintenance and management of this disease. HIV also known as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus; with HIV the virusRead MoreThe Nutritional Principles Of Nursing Course Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pages Nutrition and HIV Tiffany Schenck Rasmussen College Author Note This paper is being submitted on December 9, 2016, for Virginia Aulik’s Nutritional Principles of Nursing course. â€Æ' Nutrition and HIV It s been 30 years since the HIV/AIDS epidemic shook the world. What is the current status of the virus globally? Are you at risk? Is there a cure? HIV does not make someone dangerous to know. You can shake their hand and give them a hug without becoming infected. In America, 8% ofRead MoreWhy I Am A Doctor875 Words   |  4 Pagesinitiatives through the International Federation of Medical Students Associations. I led local campaigns and worked on publications to raise awareness on breast cancer, tuberculosis, smoking, breastfeeding interruption, female genital mutilation, HIV/AIDS, and other global health issues. Working as a physician in Egypt, I quickly realized that I could be more effective in solving health problems if I integrated a public health approach with my clinical background. One of the encounters during myRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1529 Words   |  7 PagesTemplate for APA Papers: A Sample of Proper Formatting for the APA 6th Edition Sheela Jose Grand Canyon University: HIV Known as a Communicable Disease A communicable disease is known an illness that results from an infectious agent that occurs through transmission either indirectly or directly, from an infected individual. The human immunodeficiency virus is considered a communicable disease, and will be explored further in relation to the concepts of epidemiology and the role ofRead Moreepidemiology HIV1204 Words   |  5 Pagesa written paper of 1,200-1,500 words, apply the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to a communicable disease. Communicable Disease Selection Choose one communicable disease from the following list: 1. Chickenpox 2. Tuberculosis 3. Influenza 4. Mononucleosis 5. Hepatitis B 6. HIV Epidemiology Paper Requirements Include the following in your assignment: 1. Description of the communicable disease (causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment) and the demographicRead MoreQuestions On Epidemiology And Biostatistics846 Words   |  4 Pages EDUCATION: Temple University Philadelphia, PA US Master’s Degree – 12/2014 45 Semester hours Major: Public health Concentration: Epidemiology and Biostatistics Relevant Coursework: Fundamental of Public Health, Complex Emergencies and forced migration, Epidemiological Research Methods I II, Multivariate Biostatistics, Data management and Analysis, Political Aspect of Public Health

Commentary on ‘the Lesson by Roger Mcgough - 843 Words

Commentary on ‘The Lesson by Roger McGough Roger McGough the author of ‘The Lesson is a well respected British poet who is still writing poems and is a poetry performer today. His work has become so well recognized that he has received an O.B.E for his contributions to poetry from the Queen. McGough was born in Liverpool and attended school in the nineteen-forties and fifties during a time when corporal punishment was widely present in British education. ‘The Lesson by McGough is a poem which exaggerates the theme of corporal punishment and is also a parody on people taking the law into their own hands in an environment which we can all relate to. The title, ‘The Lesson is a play on words, the students are attending a lesson†¦show more content†¦The first two stanzas are at a steady easy pace, but that changes from the third through eighth stanzas. In the third stanza the pace speeds up and becomes more intense as the action and violence starts. McGough achieves this by using verbs that would be found in a war, such as ‘throttled, ‘hacked and ‘blasted. In the final two stanzas the pace settles down again, as McGough uses words like ‘surveyed and ‘shuffled both of which are slow actions. The sound of these words is more gentle than words like throttled. Alliteration is used in the poem quite frequently. Some examples of this are throttled, there and then, and garotted the girl, first come, first severed, fingers, feet, and silence shuffled. The alliteration helps the poem flow and links the words together and makes a connection between the words. The ss in the silence shuffled slow the poem down, and the ‘f sounds in stanza four give a light airy feel. An interesting point about the poem is that it is really light and easy to read. It skips along well even though the content is dark and aggressive. The poem flows along easily because there is a constant rhyme scheme and the lines are short and use enjambment. Roger McGough has been very clever in this poem and uses lots of language tricks which helps the poem flow and makes for easy reading. An example of this is the pun on ‘first come first served which he changed to ‘first come, first severed. The use

Management and Business Context Retail Shop - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Management and Business Context Retail Shop. Answer: Introduction Spicy Retail Shop has started its retail business of selling the spices by importing it from the Asian countries. The company has targeted the Asian people who lives in Australia and it has employed many people to handle the business. Globalization in this industry refers to the integration of the products across different nations. It can be said that globalization has political, environmental and technological impact on the retail business. There must be a necessary consequence of such a process of globalization where the increased impact of economic change in one area affects the other regions of the world. Globalization has benefitted the company and the customers has access to a wide range of goods and services at a cheaper price. This is possible for the for the domestic producers and the availability of alternative ideas will put a pressure on the business organization to produce better and cheaper products at a much lower price. Moreover, globalization has also helped the Aust ralian business organization with a larger and wider pool of capital from which investment will be done and thus it will help in enhancing the productivity of the company. It can be said that in an individual level, globalization has given better access to the firms companies and firms in Australia and they have better access to the varied options (Ghosh, 2014). This paper will highlight the effect of globalization on the food industry of Australia with special reference to Spicy Retail shop in Australia. It will also discuss the different theories that are associated with globalization and provide specific recommendation to improve the business conditions of Spicy Retail Shop. Discussion Effect of globalization on Spicy Retail shop Globalization will provide access to new countries and it will help in the business expansion of Spicy Retail store of Australia. It will increase the sales, develop new services and product and thus deliver high level of output. Moreover, Spicy Retail Store will also yield pool of return for the investors and the Australians who have made direct investment in the company. One of the major disadvantage of globalization for the Australian company is the steep competition with the other firms in the same country and thus it might be a race in terms of wages, jobs and standard of living of the people (Wall, 2014). The Australian companies have also experienced rising imports and thus this has helped in increasing the employment level of the country. Trade liberalization and several critics of deregulation have demonstrated income inequality as an evidence of race-to-the bottom (Goodman Sage, 2016). The income of the people has increased with the passage of time and this is advantageous for Spicy Retail Shop. Drivers of value and the dynamics of spices industry The development of food sector in Australia is a target of criticism from many groups . It is necessary to galvanize public opinion in support of these particular industry and thus it will help in the development of these industry. The dominant drivers of value in this spices retail industry will include the share or the presence of private level and there will be use of everyday low pricing practices to ensure competitiveness in this industry (Bernstein, 2016). There must also be scope of product extension through additives and nutrient enrichment that is easier to differentiate. The incidence or the opportunity for the imported and processed spices will play an important role in the category that includes private label lines in the production process (Turi, Goncalves Mocan, 2014). The stores will also be commanding growth in varied categories such as dry spices and thus it is susceptible to pressure from the convenience preferences of the consumers. It will also decrease the volum e in the ingredients which are necessary in the production of spices (Goto et al., 2014). The distribution channel will cover a wide variety of dry grocery spices and this are considered relatively generic in each area of the product line. There is a significant concentration in the market for retail spices and thus they will have a dominant share in the market, increasing the sale of the product. It will also increase the precision in the management of supply chain and thus this will reduce the cost of the spices (Dixon, 2015). The drivers of volume and value in this sector include the level of consumers spending and confidence. There will be increase in the centralization of supply chain management and this will help in reducing the cost in this sector. The price points of the major competing lines will also be valued and the price sensitivity of the consumers across different food lines will be given due importance. The independent and the retail store channels will have only a minor share in this category and thus it offers only a limited range of food products that addresses the convenience and the needs of the customers (Handford et al., 2014). Internal and external factors that will affect the business Globalization helps the companies to conduct their business successfully and there are several internal and external factors of globalization that will affect the business of Spicy Retail Store. The internal factors include how the company will adapt to the changes so that it can compete with the other companies on a global scale. Production, customer service, marketing and development are the internal factors that are associated with globalization. On the other hand, the external factors include the new market environment where the company will set up its business entity or expand in any particular country (De Silva, 2014). The internal factor of globalization that will affect the business of Spicy Retail Store is the branding strategies that are to be adopted by the company (Paul, 2015). The main aim of the company is to emphasize or give importance to the brand association with quality products and services. The branding strategy adopted by the company will spark the interest of t he company as well as the customers because it is one of the most important factor that is taken into consideration by the customers (Jalili, 2016). The companies must also internally evaluate the work culture of the employees in the organization and their capacity to work for the development of the organization. The companies must also ascertain the weakness and strength of the employees, their performance uncertainties and thus try to reorganize their efficiency level that will help the company to expand in a new place. The reactions of the consumers to a new product or company are also regarded as a paramount when it enters a new market (Baker Friel, 2014). It can be said that on an external scale, globalization is necessary for a company to analyze the consumption trends in several markets and to adapt to the needs of the customers. It is also important to analyze the trends of the customers and segment the market according to the varied categories of customers and identifying the needs and motives of the customers (Radstrom, 2014). Moreover, the company that wants to expand in the global market must understand the market itself. The market analysis will help in determining the size of the market and how the company will grow in the future. It will also help the company to create a presence in the market so that they can gear towards profitability. It can be said that each market will have their unique barriers to enter the market that includes economic and political uncertainties and the availability of resources (Mura Gaparkov, 2014). Recommendation The retailers will have to perform exceptionally on what they have promised and this should be in a consistent manner and that is profitable to the company. A strong vision of the company will also attract the client and it is necessary that Spicy Retail Store must develop a more clearer vision to keep the customers attracted to purchase their products. The company must not only incline towards their retail base, but they must give a proper message and network that will help to communicate and interconnect with the customers. It is important that the company must have the mass retailing concepts clearer and this will help to incline towards the retail base of the company. There must be a proper network so that it becomes easier to communicate with the customers and advocate the concept of the firm accordingly. Conclusion Therefore, it can be said that globalization will boost up competition of Spicy Retail Store and help to compete in the international market. The company also needs to consider the business risks that might affect it in future and take necessary steps to protect against these threats. These threats might also affect the import business of the company. It is important for the entrepreneurs of the Spicy retail store to take this risk and adapt to the political changes that might affect the business. The economic stability and growth, import and influence of the exchange rate will affect the business of Spicy Retail Store. Therefore, the tariff and the non tariff barriers in this industry must be effective in keeping its sale of products intact and this is possible with restriction on competitive imports. References Baker, P., Friel, S. (2014). Processed foods and the nutrition transition: Evidence from Asia.Obesity reviews,15(7), 564-577. Bernstein, H. (2016). Agrarian political economy and modern world capitalism: the contributions of food regime analysis.The Journal of Peasant Studies,43(3), 611-647. De Silva, L. S. (2014). Export Trends and Free Trade in Australia: An analysis.The Otemon Journal of Australian Studies,40. Dixon, M. W. (2015). Biosecurity and the multiplication of crises in the Egyptian agri-food industry.Geoforum,61, 90-100. Ghosh, D. (2014). Food safety regulations in Australia and New Zealand Food Standards.Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,94(10), 1970-1973. Goodman, M. K., Sage, C. (Eds.). (2016).Food transgressions: making sense of contemporary food politics. Routledge. Goto, K., Ominami, C., Song, C., Murayama, N., Wolff, C. (2014). Globalization, localization and food culture: perceived roles of social and cultural capitals in healthy child feeding practices in Japan.Global health promotion,21(1), 50-58. Handford, C. E., Dean, M., Henchion, M., Spence, M., Elliott, C. T., Campbell, K. (2014). Implications of nanotechnology for the agri-food industry: Opportunities, benefits and risks.Trends in Food Science Technology,40(2), 226-241. Jalili, M. (2016). Natural occurrence of ochratoxin A contamination in commercial spices in Tehran.Nutrition and Food Sciences Research,3(3), 25-30. Mura, L., Gaparkov, V. (2014). Penetration of small and medium sized food companies on foreign markets.Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis,58(3), 157-164. Paul, J. (2015). Market access and the mirage of marketing to the maximum: new measures.Asia pacific journal of marketing and logistics,27(4), 676-688. Radstrom, S. (2014). A PlaceSustaining framework for local urban identity: An introduction and history of Cittaslow.Italian Journal of Planning Practice,1(1), 90-113. Ritzer, G., Dean, P. (2015).Globalization: A basic text. John Wiley Sons. Turi, A., Goncalves, G., Mocan, M. (2014). Challenges and competitiveness indicators for the sustainable development of the supply chain in food industry.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,124, 133-141. Wall, P. (2014). One Health and the food chain: maintaining safety in a globalised industry.Veterinary Record,174(8), 189-192.

The Problems of Marriage and Divorce

Marriage is not only a social institution. It is a spiritual alliance between two people who love each other and in which belief and trust are the necessary parts of its development. However, many couples often can face definite difficulties with their marriages because they can deviate from the way on which they should follow the principles of marriage given in the Bible.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Problems of Marriage and Divorce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are a lot of issues in marriage which are difficult to solve only according to the social and moral rules and norms. It is significant to remember what the Lord says about marriage in order to complete his will and find the peace in souls and the marriage. The Bible says that man could not be alone. That is why it is necessary to do all possible to find the harmony and light in marriage. It is known that according to the Christian traditi on a couple can be considered as married when a man and a woman have exchanged the vows in the presence of a priest and witnesses. Thus, â€Å"marriage is an exclusive relationship. The total unity of persons – physically, emotionally, intellectually, and spiritually – comprehended by the concept â€Å"one flesh†.1 It is important to be married in front of God’s face; this concept differs from the social perception of the marriage. That is why promiscuity is also forbidden according to the Christian tradition. Thus, that marriage which was not honored in church is considered as not holy. The Bible says that â€Å"marriage should be honored by all, and the marriage bed kept pure, for God will judge the adulterer and all the sexually immoral†.2 If the marriage is holy, there is no place for adulterer in it. When a couple wants to marry it is significant to remember about the responsibility. The church rejects the majority of divorces because these t wo people have vowed to be together in spite of the difficulties and temptations. â€Å"Therefore what God has joined together, let man not separate†. 3 Moreover, â€Å"God instituted marriage so that men and women might complete one another and share in his creative work through the procreation of children†.4 That is why the problem of divorce in relation to the Word is still discussed by scholars.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are some visions of the issue according to which divorce and remarriage can be allowed in certain circumstances as it is can be interpreted from the words of New Testament.5 Nevertheless, the traditional opinion on marriage does not allow divorces. â€Å"Has not the Lord made them one? In flesh and spirit they are his. And why one? Because he was seeking godly offspring. So guard yourself in your spirit, and do not break faith with the wife of your youth†.6 Today two visions of the divorce issue exist. Many Christians interpret the Word of New Testament and emphasize the problem of adultery as the main reason for the permission of the divorce and for the remarriage. However, we cannot say strictly about the facts because the Bible says clearly about the situation when one of two people is dead and their right to be married again.7 Marriage is the base for the spiritual development of two people who live in love and have children. Moreover, the family as the result of marriage is the important social cell. To feel safety and harmony in the heart, it is necessary to follow the holy principles described in the Bible and remember that couple is a unity which cannot be separated because it is saved by God. Bibliography Elwell, Walter A., ed. Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. USA: Baker Academic, 2001. The Holy Bible. English Standard Version. USA: Crossway Bibles. Towns, Elmer L. Theology for Today. USA: C engage Learning, 2008. Footnotes 1 Walter A. Elwell, ed. Evangelical Dictionary of Theology (USA: Baker Academic, 2001), 743.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Problems of Marriage and Divorce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More 2 Hebr. 13:4-7. 3 Matt. 19:6. 4 Walter A. Elwell, ed. Evangelical Dictionary of Theology (USA: Baker Academic, 2001), 743. 5 Elmer L. Towns. Theology for Today (USA: Cengage Learning, 2008). 6 Mal. 2:15. 7 Elmer L. Towns. Theology for Today (USA: Cengage Learning, 2008). This essay on The Problems of Marriage and Divorce was written and submitted by user Analia Benton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hiroshima1 essays

Hiroshima1 essays On August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb, "little boy" on Hiroshima, Japan. Hiroshima had been almost eradicated with an estimated 70-80,000 people killed. Three days later, a second, more powerful bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki, killing over 100,000 people. Since Japan was economically and militarily devastated by the late summer of 1945, the use of the atomic bombs on an already overcome Japan was unnecessary and unwarranted in bringing about a conclusion to the war in the Pacific. By the end of the war, the U.S. forces had pushed the Japanese far back into their country, leaving them no access to any resources from the Indies. Japanese cities and factories were being endlessly bombarded by American bombers. Louis Morton, an author on the situation felt that since ". . . The Pacific Fleet had driven the Imperial Navy from the ocean and planes of the fast carrier forces were striking Japanese naval bases in the Inland Sea. . . Clearly Japan was a defeated nation."1 The decision to use the atomic bomb was validated by the U.S., who said that the force was necessary to end the war, which, in turn, would save lives of both American and Japanese soldiers. However, many believe that since Japan was already of the verge of surrender when the bombs were dropped, this argument cannot be morally validated. If Japan was almost beaten by August 1945, many say that the reason the U.S. dropped the bomb was simply to test it on living humans. Aside from the ground test in the New Mexico desert, no one knew what destruction atomic weapons were capable of. Throughout the war, the city of Hiroshima had been left virtually untouched by U.S. attacks. It is inferable, then, that the United States government hoped to see the full effect of nuclear power by detonating the atomic bomb on this locality, as they could be sure that any damage was from the atomic bomb alone. A similar reasoning ...

Menes - Legend of the First King of Egypt

Menes - Legend of the First King of Egypt In Egyptian legend, the first king of Egypt was Menes. At least, Menes is the form of the kings name that was used by the 3rd century B.C. historian Manetho. Two other first dynasty kings names are associated with Menes, Narmer (as in the Narmer Palette) and Aha. The Greek historian Herodotus calls Menes Min. The Jewish historian Josephus calls him Minaios and the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus refers to him as Manas. There are various etymologies for the name, including an attempt to connect Menes with the name of the city he founded, Memphis, which he reclaimed by means of dam construction. Diodorus Siculus refers to Manas as the first law-giver. Menes is credited with introducing papyrus and writing (Pliny), founding cities, building dikes and more. Manetho says Menes dynasty had 8 kings and that a hippopotamus carried off Menes at the end of his life. How Menes died is part of his legend, with the hippopotamus version being only one possibility. Pharaoh Menes death after an anaphylactic reaction - the end of a myth says Diodorus Siculus wrote he was chased by dogs, fell into a lake, and was rescued by crocodiles, leading scholars to think possibilities include death by dogs and crocodile. The article, as is fitting an article on the topic of allergy, explains why some think Menes was killed by an allergic reaction to a wasp sting. Source: Steve Vinson Menes The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Ed. Donald B. Redford, Oxford University Press, Inc., Pharaoh Menes death after an anaphylactic reaction - the end of a myth, by J. W. Krombach, S. Kampe, C. A. Keller, and P. M. Wright, [Allergy Volume 59, Issue 11, pages 1234-1235, November 2004] Go to Other Ancient / Classical History Glossary pages beginning with the letter a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | wxyz

Tesco Company Annual Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tesco Company Annual Report - Coursework Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Tesco Company was started in the year 1919 from a market stall in East End England by Jack Cohen. The company experience growth and expansion to the Tesco known today, which operates in 12 countries in the world with a number of stores in these countries. It deals with a variety of products including household goods, freshly baked products, and groceries. The company also has a share in the service industry through Tesco bank. The diverse products and services contribute positively to the success of the company through diversifying investments so that when one sector is not performing very well another sector is making up for the difference. With a worldwide market through its various branches, Tesco has grown to be the leading retail outlet in the world. Not all information in a financial report of every company is financial; there are some theory and explanations giving an overview of the company without using the financial figures. Ke y performance indicators divert the attention from the profit earned and focus on the firm’s performance in terms of meeting their goals and objectives. These indicators measure the success of the firm and the potential of the firm to grow in future, this is very important to an investor interested in investing in the firm. They include customer satisfaction that is reflected through repeat purchases and referral of new customers to the store. Tesco is not an exception to this and it has measured the key performance indicators of the firm and availed the information in the annual financial report. Tesco has managed to retain 70% of their loyal customers from the previous year while acquiring 29.1% of the loyal customers in the previous year as new loyal customers. 59.7% of the loyal customers have shopped through various channels, indicating customer loyalty to the firm and the importance of the various channels to customers. Demand for branded Tesco products is also increasi ng with 64.3% of the loyal customers shop for Tesco branded products. In general, all these clients show love for the firm indicating the bright future of the firm with a good customer base in currently and in the future.

Response Journal to the novel The Cashier by Gabrielle Roy Essay

Response Journal to the novel The Cashier by Gabrielle Roy - Essay Example People begin to anticipate and this anticipation, when added with a sprinkling of skepticism, results to overreaction. Overreaction is more than what Alexandre displayed. Even when he is supposed to be having a normal life, though not one that is grandeur, he reminds himself of the worse facets of life and disregards that he still lives and breathes. For him life is a constant reminder of how everyone in the world must be prepared in war. In fact, he has been informed through encyclopedias that the global community each has their own take on war and the armaments that go with it. Although this thought does not comfort him, he believes that everyone must feel the same—that everyone should have be prepared for the changes of life. The actor has the habit of spending most of his moments thinking about the most trivial things and then instantly shifts to another course that is entirely different. The randomness of his take on the things that are happening all over the world is a manifestation of the mantra that he believes has happened to him. As time goes by, life has taken the best of him. â€Å"During his life he had lost a great number of things, and almost always the best things – first his youth, and then his health, and now his sleep (Roy, 1954).† Obviously, this included his sanity. Although it cannot be said that he is becoming insane, it can be concluded that his inability to focus on a specific matter without drifting to another stream of thoughts completely unrelated marks the beginning of his insanity. His thoughts begin with trivial, common thoughts characteristic of someone who lacks enough sleep and is distraught by how life has shown its cruel side. He has been under the roughest conditions, without decent clothes to live by and a partner who cannot think about important things. Indeed some of his thoughts are very profound, considering that he

Nitrophenol Essay Example for Free

Nitrophenol Essay Abstract: Using a micro scale steam distillation we separated ortho and para-nitrophenol from a mixture that was already made. After the para and ortho were separated we measured their melting points and compared it to the literature values for purity. For ortho-nitrophenol we had 60% recovery and for para 160% recovery. Our melting point ranges were ortho: 45-46Â °C and para 64-95Â °C. Introduction:Â  Nitration: In phenols, -OH group strongly activates the ring system. As a result, phenols are susceptible to oxidation in the presence of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3). Thus, nitration of phenols is carried out with dilute nitric acid and results in the formation of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol. The o-nitrophenol is steam volatile and the mixture of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol is separated by steam distillation, in our case using micro scale measurements for safety and time consumption purposes. (Electrophilic aromatic substitution) We used steam distillation because we are distilling under 100Â °C; above 100Â °C is H2O. Looking at the volatility of o-nitrophenol compared to p-nitrophenol, the p-nitrophenol has intermolecular hydrogen bonding and it occurs due to a large number of molecules are associated together. This association in the p-isomer makes it less volatile. However in o-nitrophenol, intramolecular hydrogen bonding occurs and thus, it exists in a monomolecular state making it more volatile. Results/Discussion: Using a sand bath for transferring of heat through the distillation which was sitting on a hot plate. Using a small round bottom flask which was attached to Hickman’s distillation head and then we attached water through the openings. Using 1.00g of the prepared mixture we placed it in the round bottom flask along with 1.00mL of ethanol and then filled it about 2/3 with water. We added a magnetic spin-vane to the flask as well. We collected the yellow waxy ortho-isomer from groove in Hickman’s distillation head using a Pasteur pipette. We made sure that the solids did not accumulate as this would clog the condenser. If it did we would just turn off the cold water momentarily and the hot vapor would melt the solid. The distillation took about 45 minutes and even though this was the specified time period for distilling the mixture, we felt as though much of the ortho-isomer was left in the small round bottom flask along with the para-isomer and the spin valve. In order to characterize the 2- and 4-nitrophenols, we need to determine their melting points. We compared our results to those in the literature. Data:Â  *some ortho solidified in the Pasteur pipette so there might arise a percent error from this as some ortho was left in there. *we assumed that the starting mixture was about 50% each of o- and p-nitrophenol.

Speech :: essays research papers

SMIC is extraordinary in many ways. The only school that comes to my mind that actually has a river running through it! The lunches are controversial. School is a just as much a learning experience for the teachers as apposed to the students, and things getting done three weeks, let alone three months, after promised deadlines are commemorated. All these exclusive factors make SMIC a memorable and (if you don’t mind me saying) quite exquisite. The thing that I love the most about SMIC is that colorful after school life that waits for me every school day after I am dismissed. SMIC has a great number of things to do after school mainly because of the early ending of school. Many schools end at a prolonged 3:55 pm, leaving students who live far from the school with nominal amounts of spare time to do things that they want or need to do, for usually it’s a long bus ride home and another day squandered. However SMIC frees the students an hour earlier than any school in Shanghai, combined with an absence of a long-commute-home, really just paves the way for an awesome afternoon ahead. The possibilities are endless. Activities range from curricular to extracurricular to the absolutely non-curricular. Those of you that are feeling the pressures of college surely feel that upcoming SAT breathing down you neck right? Have no fear. SMIC offers after school SAT prep classes for all that want to get into there dream schools. The SAT classes aren’t the only way you can enhance and improve your knowledge! Teachers are on stand by and because all the teachers in SMIC are just fabulous, are willing to assists you in any troubles you come across in your studies. Teachers will stay for hours on end for you if you have not a clue how to prove the Pythagorim theorem, or if you have a piece from the Iliad that absolutely makes no sense to you. There are lots of clubs and extracurricular after school for the students to get involved in. The community service club is an awesome example of what kind of opportunities SMIC offers its students. The students give back to the society that is desperately in need of these kid’s contributions. Cooking club is out there with the cause. They provide the food and drink to the kids. What would we do with out them? Think about it. Speech :: essays research papers SMIC is extraordinary in many ways. The only school that comes to my mind that actually has a river running through it! The lunches are controversial. School is a just as much a learning experience for the teachers as apposed to the students, and things getting done three weeks, let alone three months, after promised deadlines are commemorated. All these exclusive factors make SMIC a memorable and (if you don’t mind me saying) quite exquisite. The thing that I love the most about SMIC is that colorful after school life that waits for me every school day after I am dismissed. SMIC has a great number of things to do after school mainly because of the early ending of school. Many schools end at a prolonged 3:55 pm, leaving students who live far from the school with nominal amounts of spare time to do things that they want or need to do, for usually it’s a long bus ride home and another day squandered. However SMIC frees the students an hour earlier than any school in Shanghai, combined with an absence of a long-commute-home, really just paves the way for an awesome afternoon ahead. The possibilities are endless. Activities range from curricular to extracurricular to the absolutely non-curricular. Those of you that are feeling the pressures of college surely feel that upcoming SAT breathing down you neck right? Have no fear. SMIC offers after school SAT prep classes for all that want to get into there dream schools. The SAT classes aren’t the only way you can enhance and improve your knowledge! Teachers are on stand by and because all the teachers in SMIC are just fabulous, are willing to assists you in any troubles you come across in your studies. Teachers will stay for hours on end for you if you have not a clue how to prove the Pythagorim theorem, or if you have a piece from the Iliad that absolutely makes no sense to you. There are lots of clubs and extracurricular after school for the students to get involved in. The community service club is an awesome example of what kind of opportunities SMIC offers its students. The students give back to the society that is desperately in need of these kid’s contributions. Cooking club is out there with the cause. They provide the food and drink to the kids. What would we do with out them? Think about it.

Cholecystits/Cholelithiasis

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Medical Diagnosis: Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis Nursing Diagnosis: Activity intolerance r/t laparoscopic abdominal incisions AEB SOB during ambulation, increased respirations at 38, O2 sat 80% room air after walking 50 ft. Normal Physiology: The gallbladder is situated inferior to the liver. The gallbladder is a structure that functions as a storage space for bile that is produced in the liver. The liver produces and secretes bile into the gallbladder from the right and left hepatic duct join together to become the common hepatic duct then into the gallbladder via the cystic duct. During the digestion of fatty food, the gallbladder releases bile that passes through the common bile duct and into the duodenum through the Sphincter of Oddi to break down fat into fatty acids to be absorbed by the small intestine to be used as energy and storage of energy for metabolic needs of the body. Pathophysiology: Cholecystitis, and inflammation of the gallbladder, is a condition which can be caused by cholelithiasis, the formation of gallstones. Most stones are formed of cholesterol. Excess cholesterol in bile is associated with obesity, high cholesterol diet and drugs that are prescribed to lower cholesterol levels. The excess saturation of cholesterol can lead to the formation of stones. This client had an elevated LDL and low HDL levels that do state the client had excess cholesterol. Biliary stasis, which is slow emptying of the gallbladder, can also cause the formation of stones. An inflammation of the gallbladder allows for excess water and bile salt reabsorption which call also lead to the formation of stones. This client did have wall thickening and distention of the gallbladder that indicates a inflammation of the gallbladder over a period of time. This is the second time the client came to the ER with pain in a 6 week period. Potential Complications: If a gallstone migrates out of the gallbladder into the ducts, it can lead to cholangitis which is an inflammation of the duct. Obstruction of the common bile duct may cause bile reflux into the liver causing pain, jaundice, and liver damage. The clients ALT, liver function test was elevated indicating liver disease process and in this clients case it is due to the back-up of bile into the liver from obstruction in the common bile duct. The client can also have pancreatitis due to the inability of the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes through the pancreatic duct. The client had mild pancreatitis confirmed by CT scan. Complications of the cholecystitis/cholelithiasis can lead to a collection of infected fluid within the gallbladder, gangrene, and perforation resulting in peritonitis or abscess formation. A fistula into adjacent organs can for such as in the duodenum the colon or stomach. During the laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the client’s gallbladder was noted with gangrene but no perforation, peritonitis, fistula or abscess formation was noted. If this condition goes untreated, death can result from hemorrhage, peritonitis, hypovolemic shock, septicemia and septic shock. The client did not die because treatment and surgery was performed. Nursing Interventions & Rationales: Independent: 1. Ambulate with client 1:1 assist. The client should not ambulate alone. The client is at risk for falls for injury to do her activity intolerance for SOB and decreased O2 sats. This will ensure the client does not fall and if she does become weak or unstable it will reduce the injury. . Place the client in semi-fowler during resting time in bed. This will decrease orthopnea and help the client breath better by decreasing pressure on the diaphragm allowing for better expansion of the lungs. 3. Monitor respiratory status and auscultate lung sound every 4 hours. This will help assess interventions and any changes needed for their respiratory status. Dependent: 4. Monitor and assess clients client’s O2 sat level and administer O2 at 2L N C per physician’s orders. The clients O2 Sat had been at 80% room air nd after activity with O2. This will help monitor client needs and evaluate the need for any changes this client may need for a decrease or increase in O2 delivery. 5. Administer morphine sulfate 1-5 mg IV push prn q2h over 2 minutes. Administering pain meds can help decrease pain associated with the client needing to cough and deep breath and will help the client ambulate. Although the client has not indicated much pain, giving prior to activity will help the client tolerate ambulation, cough and deep breath and spirometer. 6. Administer Cefoxitin 1 gm in 100mg/NaCl 0. 9% over 1 hr q8h per physician’s orders. The administration of antibiotics will reduce the client risk for peritonitis from gangrene of the gallbladder and risk of infection form the surgery. This will also help with healing of the clients mild pancreatitis noted on CT scan Interdependent: 7. Collaborate with dietician to meet with the client regarding diet. In a client with the removal of the gallbladder, the client needs to be educated on the types of food to avoid after surgery. This will help identify what types of foods the client can continue to enjoy and those that will facilitate abdominal problems post cholecystectomy. Ensuring the family is also involved when the dietician is present will help increase the likelihood of adhering to a new diet holding the client accountable for food choices. 8. Collaborate with respiratory therapy to assess the need for respiratory assistance such as the need for nebulizer treatment or the need for portable O2 for ambulatory purposes. The client’s O2 quickly drops after taking D/C of O2. 9. Collaborate with occupational therapy to assess the ability for the client to go home. The client is an elderly lady and may need to be evaluated prior to discharge to assess ADL’s since she lives on her own. This will ensure the client can safely return home or may need to be transferred to rehab prior to going home and educate the client on throw rugs, shower use and other in home dangers that elderly clients are at risk for. Client Teaching: Instruct the client on the need to cough and deep breath and spirometry. The client has had SOB post op and decreased O2 saturation. The client has atelectasis in her right upper lobe with diminished lung sounds throughout with decreased expiratory effort. I educated the client on coughing and deep breathing every hour x10 and how to use the pillow for splinting her abdomen due to abdominal pain post operatively. Client understood and demonstrated this very well and prior to end of shift I assessed the client and had her demonstrate what I had taught her prior to leaving and she performed properly and also stated she had been doing it every hour as instructed. Textbook Signs & Symptoms . Pain, abrupt onset, severe and steady 2. Pain radiate to the back, right scapula and shoulder lasting from 12-18 hours 3. Nausea, vomiting and anorexia 4. Chills and fever 5. Abdominal guarding Risk Factors 1. Female over age of 65 2. Family history 3. Native American; northern European heritage 4. Obesity 5. Hyperlipidemia 6. Use of oral contraceptives 7. Biliary stasis: pregnancy, fasting or prolonged parenteral nutrition 8. Dis eases or condition: DM; cirrhosis; ileal disease or resection; sickle cell anemiaReferences: Domino, F. n. d. ). 5-minute clinical consult Powered by Skyscape (Ipod). Lippincott, WIlliams & Wilkins. LeMone, P. , Burke, K. , & Bauldoff, G. (2011). Medical-surgical nursing care critical thinking in patient care (5th ed. ed. ). Upper Sadle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Martini, F. H. , & Neth, J. L. (2009). Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology (Eight ed. ). San Fransisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Pagana, K. , & Pagana, T. (2009). Mosby's diagnostic and laboratory test reference (Ninth ed. ). St. Louis, Missouri, United States: Mosby Elsevier.

Developing a Coordinated School Health Approach to Child Obesity Prevention Essay

Introduction Obesity is now become an epidemic among school going young adolescence in developed countries. The prevalence rate of childhood obesity is considerably high in developed countries. Similarly, prevalence rate of obesity is increasing in developing countries too (James 2004). It is estimated that there are 250 million adult obese people live worldwide (Seidell 1999). Obesity is associated with many chronic diseases like hypertension, heart diseases, diabetes type 2 and even cause cancer. So, increase prevalence of obesity means increase global burden of chronic diseases which indirectly affects the status of global economy. Obesity caused about 9% of total annual medical expenditure in the US in 1998 (Finkelstein, Fiebelkorn and Wang 2003). According to Ogden et al. (2006), 19% of children aged 6 to 11 years are obese and 18% are overweight in the US. Given the wide array of devastating health, social and economic consequences of obesity, the continuing escalating rates of childhood ob esity, not least among rural dwellers in the USA, is a great public health concern. Consequently, lot of attention has been paid to the need for effective preventions programmes. Of such programmes is â€Å"Winning with Wellness† programme in Appalachia- a rural area in the US. Based on the evaluation report of the programme by Schetzina et al (2009), this paper reviews activities, approach, framework and theories of the programme. ‘Winning with Wellness’ Programme The school-based health programme â€Å"Winning with Wellness† was introduced as a pilot project in an elementary school in rural Appalachia as a way to promote healthy eating and physical activity for elementary school children (Schetzina et al. 2009). The programme was based upon the coordinated school health (CSH) approach that was developed in 1988 (TN Gov 2010). The aim of the pilot programme was to prevent obesity which is a major problem, particularly in rural areas in the US (Schetzina et al. 2009). The programme was supported financially by community collation and it was implemented together with the school based programme in Tennessee (TN Gov 2010). There are eight different components to improve the lifestyle of students and their families: health education; health services; counselling, psychological and social services; nutrition; physical education; school staff wellness; healthy school environment, and student, parents and community involvement (CDC 2008). The s chool authority established indoor and outdoor walking trails to enhance physical activity among students. Teachers received a training to guide the students properly in such physical activity. A proper nutrition service to promote healthy eating among students was installed such that a registered dietician was assigned to develop ‘Go, Slow and Whoa’ programme which categorized the foods according to their nutritional value and advised the school food service coordinator to supply light diets. Teachers were responsible to provide information about the ‘Go, slow and Whoa’ to students to improve their knowledge about nutritional value of the food and this kind of lesson enable a student to identify healthy and unhealthy diet. School administration also encouraged parents to help their children to choose the healthy diet during lunch in school or at home. Besides students, this health promotion intervention also advocated teachers and staffs to lead a healthy life by increasing physical exercise and taking healthy diet. A counselling and psychological service was available to develop personal skill among the students about physical exercise and active lifestyle. This health promotion intervention maintained all kind of ethical issues such as consent were taken from both students and parents to participate into this pilot project (Schetzina et al. 2009). Third and fourth graders participated in the programme, in total 114 children. Model As stated before in the evaluation report by Schetzina et al. (2009) ‘Winning with Wellness’ Programme was based on the Co-ordinated School Health (CSH) model. The latter was based on the traditional three-component model, where a school health program is defined in terms of health instruction, health services, and a healthful environment. This model was expanded and eight essential components were suggested: nutrition services, health education, physical, education, school health services, counselling and psychological services, healthy school environment, health promotion for school staff and participation of community. Diane Allensworth and Lloyd Kolbe first proposed a health promotion model for school health in a professional literature in 1987 which is now known as Coordinated School Health (CSH) model (CDC 2008). This model placed emphasis on creating supportive environments for students by different measures and the new version has been used and adopted in many health prevention programmes (Schetzina et al. 2009). The CSH model is not based upon the Tannahill Model of Health Promotion where health promotion is defined in terms of health education, health protection, and ill-health prevention. Similarly, CSH model is not based upon the Tones Model of Health Promotion which considers empowerment as the main theme of health promotion practice. According to the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (WHO 1986), health promotion strategies should be adapted to the local needs, although there are similarities with the CSH, this approach was not based upon the Ottawa Charter. The CSH offered a way to change the school and ideas were explored and altern ative solutions and approaches could be examined in the classroom. Teachers understood and examined the realities of children’ circumstances and choices and the understanding provided a change to bring and implement better choices for the children. Approach According to Schetzina et al. (2009), community-based participatory research (CPBR) approach was used in ‘Winning with Wellness’ health promotion programme. CBPR is a collaborative approach and this approach is now seen as an alternative to the traditional research approach (Tandon et al. 2007). In this programme, a collaboration of teachers, health care providers, parents, community members and researchers was established to make the following obesity prevention programme effective and evaluate outcome of the programme precisely (Schetzina et al. 2009). Some researchers suggest that in rural areas, parents and community involvement in an important element in an obesity intervention (Hawley, Beckman and Bishop 2006) because of scarcity of resources for health promotion in rural elementary schools (Nelson et al. 2006). To compensate the shortness of healthcare facilities, it is obviously a good decision to choose CPBR which ensures multiple level of influence from individ ual behaviours to family settings, local community and health care services to decrease rate of overweight and obesity among children (Filbert et al. 2009). The approach of this school health promotion encourages children into taking action, and it brings materials and information into the classroom (Collins et al. 2002). The idea of involving parents, families, and school is described as a way of increasing the commitment and ensuring positive educational and health outcomes (TN Gov 2010). Approaches that use several different strategies and include several different people are more successful than an approach that relies on health information and instruction (Collins et al. 2002). The approach created a new cultural norm where healthy and physical activity was promoted and encouraged. The approach also included many different people and resources. The approach opened up ways for new ideas about how to make health promotion a part of changes in school and improvements in the school environment (Veugelers and Fitzgerald 2005). Furthermore, it lowered the risk for chronic disease in adulthood, and helped to promote healthy behaviour that might lead to life-long habits. This health approach can also reduce absenteeism, reduce classroom behaviour problems, improve performance, and prepare students to be productive members of the community (TN Gov 2008). In addition, the approach supports teacher and staff to improve their health and act as role models for the children. However, such kind of programme requires extensive planning and funding and cannot be considered as a short-term approach (TN Gov 2010). Moreover, the success of a school-based programme relies on the cooperation and positive attitude of several groups of professional, as well as parental involvement in the ‘Winning with Wellness’. Programme was more expensive when compared to health promotion programmes that solely focus on health information and instruction (Schetzina et al. 2009). However, changes are not easy to achieve and there is no simple formula. The approach might need to be adapted and changed to suit the needs of specific commun ities (Summerbell et al. 2005). Though this approach has many advantages, it takes longer to implement in new schools, and preparations are needed in order for the approach to be successful in new areas. Theory A theoretical framework helps an individual to focus and clarify intentions and desires with a certain health promotion approach (Naidoo and Wills 2000). Furthermore, a theoretical framework offers a foundation upon which to explain the approach and the benefits that can be expected from a certain approach. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TBP) was used in this programme (Schetzina et al. 2009). This theory is often used to predict positive health behaviours, and it is based on cognitive processing and level of behaviour change. The TBP is used for assessing factors influencing behavioural motivation and action that may be used to exploring and predicting intention related to diet (Conner et al. 2003). Analysis of factors related to beliefs underlying diet and health choices can be examined, and the model can be used for explaining human behaviour (Ajzen and Fishbein 2005). Three different predictors of health behaviour are used: attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control (Nejad, Wertheim and Greenwood 2005). Health behaviours are influenced by the individuals’ personal emotion and affect-laden nature; however, a weakness of the TBP theory is that it does not take emotions into account (Dutta-Bergman 2005). Nevertheless, the TBP can be used to understand p eople’s volitional behaviour, and it can explain the relationship between behavioural intention and actual behaviour. Furthermore, it has improved the predictability of exercises and diet (Baranowski et al. 2003). The theory also takes into account the individual’s social behaviour by considering social norm. Research suggests that this theory is good at explaining intention, and perceived behavioural control (Godin and Kok 1996). Critical analysis of the programme: Traditionally, school-health approaches have focused on knowledge rather than attitudes and skills (Naidoo and Wills 2000). The co-ordinated school health approach challenges the view that pupils will change their behaviour when they have information and knowledge. The CSH works on several different levels in order to promote physical activity and healthy eating (TN Gov 2010). The CSH approach is an ongoing process and the success relies on successful communication between the different groups, professionals, and individuals involved in the programme. A common goal and vision is important and the responsibilities and accountability are shared between the participating groups (Fetro 2005). Even though the groups may support each other, they also function independently. The question is whether a school-based health programmes â€Å"go beyond the intended function of schools† (Miller 2003 p.7). It could be argued that knowledge about health lays the foundation for successful schooling (Miller 2003). However, introducing more programmes into the curriculum is always difficult and schools often have problems to link and include health services and the community in their programmes (Miller 2003). The co-ordinator has the ultimate responsibility for implementing the CSH approach, and it is not recommended that this position is held by the school nurse, unless there is a small school system (TN Gov 2010). A school nurse provides an important link between school, home and the community, and he/she also provides counselling to the pupils. However, the co-ordinator has a wide range of responsibilities: liaison; facilitator; partnership-builder; data collector; report writer; public awareness developer; advocate, information sharer, and overall school system organiser (TN Gov 2010). The co-ordinator develops healthy school teams, and facilitates a system-wide school advisory council. Thus, the responsibility for the successful implementation lies mostly on the co-ordinator. The school nurse is responsible for assessment, planning, and direct care of the children. In addition, the co-ordination between the school and community health care professionals ensures early intervention. The idea is that the health education is implemented into the daily school life, and the education is provided by health educators, teacher, school counsellors, school nurse, dieticians, and community health professionals. During the school years the foundation for lifelong habits are laid, and it is crucial to help children develop healthy habits (Lynagh, Schofield and Sanson-Fisher 1997). An advantage with using school based health approaches is that existing structures and systems are already in place (Miller 2003). Schools have a curriculum into which a health programme can be implemented. Furthermore, using existing structures are cost effective and schools have also been screened for acceptability. Moreover, a school based approach reaches the staff and the people working at school. Teachers and staff may change their own behaviour and become more aware of their eating and exercise habit. School based approaches reach all children in society and the approach can be targeted at specific minority populations. The nutrient programme is developed in the school; consequently, changes can be implemented when the children, teacher and their families are ready and motivated for the change. Policies regarding vending machines, the food and drink children bring to school, can be discussed and evaluated together with the co-ordinator, nurse, and school board (NICE 2006). Advice and care should be non-discriminatory and culturally appropriate, and the character of the CSH approach allows for schools and communities to implement approaches that are adapted to students with disabilities and from ethnic minorities (Naidoo and Wills 2000). Physical education and fitness activities are planned according to the national curriculum (TN Gov 2010). A recent report suggests that more time spent on physical activity does not impair academic attainment (Murray et al. 2007). The CSH approach is flexible in the sense that more physical activity can be added without changing the curriculum, for example, lunch or morning activities (TN Gov 2010). The role of parents and community is to be involved, and school administrator teachers and school health staff actively try to involve the family in the health promotion (TN Gov 2010). The CSH approaches were developed to be a long-term approach where funding was guaranteed (Warwick, Mooney and Oliver 2009). In some cases it may be difficult to receive funding especially since the success of the programme is difficult to evaluate, partly because there are a wide range of programmes and ways to implement the CSH approach (Warwick, Mooney and Oliver 2009). Teachers could be considered as weak link in the programme; however, research suggests that teachers often support programmes (TN Gov 2010). There might be conflicting interest, and teachers who play a vital role in a school-based health promotion programme, may focus on knowledge that can be gained from including health in the curriculum. In contrast, the school nurse may emphasise reducing health risks associated with overweight and obesity (St Leger et al. 2007). Thus, the approach relies on the co-ordinator, head teachers, and the school to identify and agree on the most useful and fruitful outcomes for their programme (Warwick, Mooney and Oliver 2009). There are likely to be variations in programme implementation; every co-ordinator works together with the school and different solutions to reach the goal may be used (Warwick, Mooney and Oliver 2009). Although, a flexible approach has its advantages it can also mean that some schools may integrate concern for health widely across the curriculum, whereas other may choose to focus on specific health issues. As a consequence it is difficult to evaluate the success of the programme. The strength of the approach is that every school has different programmes and services and the solutions and approach are developed to suit a specific school or area. A school can examine their specific needs and resources, although, many programmes are related to the eight components. The full benefit of the CSH approach is perhaps not possible unless you also involve parents (Veugelers and Fitzgerald, 2005). Choices and activities after school influence a child’s chances of becoming obese, and a healthy lifestyle may be difficult for children to change the food and beverage intake at home. Furthermore, if the family is not physically active it may be difficult for children to change the pattern. However, here BMI Index was used as the measurement of obesit y of students. There are several problems related to BMI and some of these could be related to the received result in the programme. There are several limitations with the use of BMI index and the index is sometimes combined with a measurement of the waist circumference. The index does not measure fat itself and it does not take into account the skeletal size, amount of body water or muscle mass (EUPHIX 2009). Moreover, the measurement does not reflect body changes when a person is changing his or her height over time. Thus, the index underestimates the degree of overweight in short children and overestimates overweight in tall children. Considering that the programme involved young children it would have been preferable to use some more measurement to examine any changes in body fat percentage. The location of the fat is important, and the children might have lost fat around the waist and gained in muscle strength, which would have an effect on the body fat percentage (BNET UK 2010 ). Recommendations: There are several advantages with using the CSH model to health promotion. This model provides a wide range of opportunities for children to learn and experience healthy lifestyle choice and activities by concentrating and integrating a wide range of people and resources both inside and outside the classroom (TN Gov 2010). This type of studies needs to be combined with studies exploring what choices children makes after the school day. By limiting the intervention and evaluation of the approach to the school day, it is difficult to first of all evaluate the program, but also to determine the best strategies towards helping children. It is possible the children compensated the healthier choices with an increase in unhealthy behaviours after school. A review of health programmes suggests that the most effective programmes involve parents (O’Dea 1993). Working together with parents to promote healthy food choices at school is not always easy; however, it is vital to include parents and many parents pack their children school lunches (KidsHealth 2010). Furthermore, there are problems linked to promoting physical activity with children walking to and from school as parents are reluctant to let their children walk and play outside after school. Conclusion: Health promotion deals with â€Å"raising the health status of individuals and communities† (Ewles and Simnett 2003 p. 23). However, it is often used to refer to planned activities or programmes (Tones and Tilford 2001). This programme was based on theory of planned behaviour, Co-ordinated School health model, and school-setting approach. The programme provided a way to help children to make healthier lifestyle choices, and the children in the study changed some of their choices related to food. They were also more physically active. The CSH model provided a framework for the school health programme in rural Appalachia and the results suggests that this may be valuable. In addition, the approach provides teacher and children with knowledge that can be used to change the school and ideas can be explored and alternative solutions and approaches can be examined in the classroom. Health promotion in school is one step in the right direction to solving problems related to the growt h of childhood obesity. A broad holistic approach is recommended which encourage physical, social, spiritual, mental, and emotional wellbeing of both children and the staff at school (LTS 2010). N.B.: TN Gov – Tennessee Government CDC – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention REFERENCES: Ajzen I, and Fishbein M (2005) The influence of attitudes on behaviour. In Albarracin D, Johnson B T, Zanna M P (Eds.) The handbook of attitudes pp. 173-222. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Allensworth D D and Kolbe L J (1987) The comprehensive school health program: Exploring an expanded concept. Journal of School Health 57(10): 409–411. Baranowski T, Cullen K W, Nicklas T, Thompson D and Baranowski J (2003) Are Current Health Behavioral Change Models Helpful in Guiding Prevention of Weight Gain Efforts? Obesity Research 11: 23–43. BNET UK (2010) [online] Retrieved 15.07.2010 from: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0846/is_2_24/ai_n6203894/ CDC (2008) Healthy Youth: Coordinated School Health Program [online] Retrieved 14.07.2010 from: http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/CSHP Collins J, Robin L, Wooley S, Fenley D, Hunt P, Taylor J, Haber D and Kolbe L (2002) â€Å"Programs-that-work:† CDC’s guide to effective programs that reduce health risk behaviour of youth. Journal of School Health 72(3): 93-99. Conner M, Kirk S F, Cade J E and Barrett J H (2003) Environmental influences: factors influencing a woman’s decision to use dietary supplements. Journal of Nutrition 133(6) 1978S-1982S. ‎Dutta-Bergman M J (2004) Health attitudes, health cognitions, and health behaviors among Internet health information seekers: population-based survey. Journal of Medical Internet Research 6(2):e15 [online] Retrieved 15.07.2010 from: http://www.jmir.org/2004/2/e15/ EUPHIX (2009) Limitations of BMI as a measure of overweight and obesity [online] Retrieved 15.07.2010 from: http://www.euphix.org/object_document/o4852n27195.html Ewles L and Simnett I (2003) Promoting health: A practical guide. London: Baillià ¨re Tindall. Fetro J V (2005) Step by step to health-promoting schools: Program planning guide. Santa Cruz, CA: ETR Associates. Filbert E, Chesser A, Hawley S R and St. Romain T (2009) Community-Based Participatory Research in Developing an Obesity Intervention in a Rural County. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 26:35–43 Finkelstein E A, Fiebelkorn I C and Wang G (2003) National medical spending attributable to overweight and obesity: how much, and who’s paying? Health Affairs Jan-Jun(SupplW3): 219-226. Godin G and Kok G (1996) The theory of planned behaviour: a review of its applications to health-related behaviours. American Journal of Health Promotion 11(2): 87-98. Hawley S R, Beckman H and Bishop T (2006). Development of an obesity prevention and management program for children and adolescents in a rural setting. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 23: 69–80. James P T (2004) Obesity: The Worldwide epidemic. Clinics in Dermatology 22: 276-280 KidsHealth (2010) [online] Retrieved 15.07.2010 from: http://kidshealth.org/parent/nutrition_fit/nutrition/lunch.html LTS. (2010) [online] Retrieved 23.07.2010 from: http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/healthpromotingschools/index.asp Lynagh M, Schofield M J and Sanson-Fisher R W (1997) School health promotion programs over the past decade: a review of the smoking, alcohol and solar protection literature. Health Promotion International, 12: 43-60. Miller G (2003) Ecological approach to school health promotion: Review of literature. 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Free Essays on Sigmund Freud

or to name common objects is lost because of an organic brain disease. Soon Freud developed his idea of free association. He based his theory on observations of his patients and self-analysis. With the help of free association, Freud believed that he was able to uncover forgotten memories of his patients. Patients would spontaneously report the first word or image that came to their mind when prompted. In his book, Studies on Hysteria, Freud described several of his studies. Its publication, in 1895, marked the beginning of psychoanalysis. In 1900 Freud published his most well known book, The Interpretation of Dreams. Additionally, Freud was gaining international recognition and developing many of his thoughts. One of Freud’s ideas was that personality and behavior are the result of a constant interplay between conflicting psychological forces. There are three levels ... Free Essays on Sigmund Freud Free Essays on Sigmund Freud Freudian psychology is a much debated topic that encompasses many different elements. Some believe it was Freud’s unhappy childhood that led him to his conclusions on how we view life while others believe he was simply a genius, seeing the world in ways most of us can’t. Let’s examine Freud’s life as well as his most famous theory, psychoanalysis. Freud believes our personality is for the most part fixed by the time we turn five or six. He believed our feelings about ourselves come from jealousness, anxieties, and guilt regarding how we relate to other family members and how they view us. There is strong reason for him to believe this. Freud’s childhood consisted of constant sadness and turmoil. His father was 20 years older than his mother, had a couple of children by a previous marriage, and had a mistress throughout the good time of his marriage. His mother had an additional eight children. At one point, there were the eight children, a half-brother the age of Freud’s mother, the father, and a nephew all living in the same cramped 30-foot-by-30-foot room. Knowing this, it is not hard to see where Freud gets his beliefs about the family unit. As Freud got older he became a physician and for a time practiced medicine in the traditional sense. However, two things changed his life around into the man we know of now: 1) As he listened to his patients, he became more and more convinced that the problems they were having were coming from psychological forces rather than physical ones, and 2) He couldn’t stand the sight of blood. At one point in his career he began treating patients by giving them cocaine and eventually became addicted himself, nearly ruining his career. Now let’s discuss psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a personality theory based on the assumption that how we develop and behave is the result of impulses or needs that are unknown to us. This theory originated from a beli... Free Essays on Sigmund Freud Modern civilization has always been viewed in the most positive of lights. To many individuals, it conjures the feelings of progress, optimism, and a better world. This saccharine perspective presents the advancement of civilization as a venture without risks. However, there is an inherent dichotomy is present that most individuals fail to recognize. Any progress entails consequences and as much as individuals would like to remain ignorant, there is always the possibility that what is considered to be a positive step forward could ultimately be a detrimental step backwards. The development of civilization entails risks, and Sigmund Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche were cognizant of this difficult truth. Both men saw how civilization rendered the individual helpless, and each has his own beliefs as to how it contributes to humanity’s unhappiness. Freud critically evaluated it through psycho-analysis, whereas Nietzsche critically evaluated it through the contractual relationship. S igmund Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche believed that civilization functioned as a repressive tool, which imprisoned the individual through guilt and pain; as a result, both agreed that people would be much happier if they returned to the primitive conditions that existed prior to modern civilization. According to Sigmund Freud, there are three sources of suffering. Human beings wish to protect themselves from the third one, which is the social source of suffering, but they do not see that the regulations they place upon themselves do not protect them from it. (Civilization and Its Discontents 37-38). He notes that their efforts are futile since these threats against their happiness emanate from the very civilization in which they live in (38).Thus, individuals cannot protect themselves from suffering when they are at the source of it, and Freud boldly concludes, â€Å"†¦what we call our civilization is largely responsible for our misery...† (38). Freud believed ... Free Essays on Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in what is now Pribor, Czech Republic. When he was four years old, Sigmund’s family moved to Vienna, and he lived there until the very last year of his life. Sigmund was the first of seven children and was always his mother’s favorite. Growing up Freud was extermely ambitious and intelligent. In 1873, he entered the Vienna University and began to study medicine. There he was driven by a desire to study natural science, and tried to solve questions that plagued the scientists of the day. He then received his medical degree, but remained at the university as a demonstrator in the physiological laboratory. In 1886, Sigmund Freud married Martha Bernays, and he reluctantly gave up his physiological research so he could start a private practice in neurology- he needed the money. From 1895 to 1900 Freud developed many of his ideas that would later be the basis for his psychoanalytic doctrine. In 1981 Freud published his first work, On Aphasia. In this work he studied a neurological disorder in which the ability to pronounce words or to name common objects is lost because of an organic brain disease. Soon Freud developed his idea of free association. He based his theory on observations of his patients and self-analysis. With the help of free association, Freud believed that he was able to uncover forgotten memories of his patients. Patients would spontaneously report the first word or image that came to their mind when prompted. In his book, Studies on Hysteria, Freud described several of his studies. Its publication, in 1895, marked the beginning of psychoanalysis. In 1900 Freud published his most well known book, The Interpretation of Dreams. Additionally, Freud was gaining international recognition and developing many of his thoughts. One of Freud’s ideas was that personality and behavior are the result of a constant interplay between conflicting psychological forces. There are three levels ... Free Essays on Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud The cruel, cold and brutal world itself is hard to bear for human, nature threatens us with all the natural disasters: Earthquake, volcano, flood and storm. These forces nature rise up against human cruelly. Humans see their own weakness and helplessness. So human create civilization in order to protect us to against the cruel nature. To be a part of the society, we need to restrict ourselves and to follow its rules. We need to restrain our instincts, to give it up and compensate our desire with other satisfaction. Yet, these sacrifices and comforts, civilization can never fully protect us when we face of disease and death. In front of the fate of disease and death, human are helpless. No matter how well is the civilization developed. It will come up with death at the end. A well-known psychologist, Sigmund Freud sees that it is hard for all of us to accept the truth of death. Human may try to observe and imagine that there are beings around in our society, so human might come up an idea that death itself may not is something that spontaneous, the evil and sin might course the death. Under all these assumptions, the fate of disease and death seems to have an answer and human can accept the fate of death. Humans start to face and believe things as we did in the days of our childhood. We want a father to reassure us from the danger in our world. Freud says, we project an external world father, who can scatter the terror of nature disaster, can reward us after life from accepting the restriction from civilization. The character of a father, human turns him into God. Human projected God with a divine origin elevated human society and were extended to nature and universe. Human craves to go back to their childhood, need a father’s protection to against the dangers of nature, the fate of death and the harmless that terrorize him from human society itself. In the end, all goods are rewarded and all th...

The Rising Value of a College Degree

The Rising Value of a College Degree The cost of getting a college education has risen sharply over the last several years, and a number of students (and their families) may be wondering whether the cost of attending a post-secondary institution is really worth it. Reading news stories or hearing anecdotal tales about recent grads being unable to find work only adds fuel to the fire. When you take a closer look at the facts, a college degree is still a very good investment for students, and it pays off over a persons working life several times over. Instead of questioning the value of higher education, now is the time to ask whether young people can afford to skip this step when planning their future. Average Cost of Tuition When you look at the average cost of tuition at a four-year college, the numbers are nothing less than astounding. For families that have more than one child attending college, they may seem overwhelming. According to the College Board, the average cost of tuition for a four-year program at a private college is $29,056 per year. In-state students will pay $8,655 to attend a public four-year college. When you add in other expenses, such as room and board, books, transportation, and other expenses, the full cost of getting a degree from one of the more expensive schools could be more than $200,000. This is a lot of money. The cost of not going to school is much higher. How Much More College Graduates Earn Over Their Lifetime A survey conducted by Pew Research found that Millennials with a college degree who were working full time earned approximately $17,500 more per year than those who had only a high school diploma. ($45,500 as opposed to $28,000). This 38 percent difference in earning power was double what it was in 1965, when the difference between high school and college graduates was only $7,449 (figure adjusted for inflation). The days when someone could graduate from high school and find a good-paying job for life are largely gone. Salaries do increase over time, but adults who hold a bachelors degree will have a larger earning capacity over the course of their career, compared to those who have completed high school only. A study from the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce called The College Payoff found that adults who hold an undergraduate degree reaped the benefits of a significantly larger boost to their earnings over time. For one thing, college graduates between the ages of 40 and 44 earn, on average, 50 percent more than when they entered the workforce. Workers who have only a high school diploma earn, on average only 25 percent more after 20 years or more in the workforce. A college graduate will likely earn $2.3 million during his or her lifetime, as opposed to $1.3 million for a high school graduate. Going to school for four more years to complete a bachelors degree translates to 74 percent more over a working life than stopping at the high school diploma stage. Other Benefits of Investing in a College Degree Higher earning power is not the only benefit of earning a college degree. College-degree holders are less likely to be out of work than less educated adults. The unemployment rate for college graduates over the age of 25 was 3.4 percent, as opposed to 6.3 percent for those who have only a high school diploma, according to Federal Reserve Economic Data. When you examine figures for new graduates, the figures are even more pronounced. The Pew Research Center found that only 3.8 percent of Millennials who hold college degrees are unemployed, compared to 12.2 percent who only graduated from high school. Having a college degree does give adults a certain level of protection from being jobless, even when the economy is slow. This survey also found that more than 50 percent of the jobs created during the economic recovery have been filled by college-educated workers. This is significant since they represent just over one-third of the labor force. Workers with a high school education (or less) paid dearly during the recession, losing more than 5.6 million jobs. They have continued to lose jobs during the economic recovery. Gains for Educated Worker Will Continue to Grow College educated workers will continue to have the advantage going forward. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) tracks the occupations which are projected to grow the fastest between now and the year 2020. 19 of the top 30 jobs require some type of postsecondary education. Its no surprise that they also pay higher median wages. Some fields of study make better choices than others if you are making a decision about what to focus on in college. Science, engineering, and math students tend to have an easier time finding jobs and are offered higher starting salaries than grads from arts and humanities. Completing the requirements for a four-year degree teaches students valuable skills that employers are looking for in all types of jobs, including good oral and written communication skills, the ability to work well with others, and critical thinking ability. For these reasons, as well as the ones listed above, the vast majority of college graduates (91 percent) and 88 percent of Millennials say that the experience of going to college was worthwhile. Want to discuss? Share your thoughts in the comments below!

Research Paper on the film No Country For Old Men Essay

Research Paper on the film No Country For Old Men - Essay Example Using the critical mythological approach in analyzing the film’s content and how the events lead to one another, it is possible to entertain the existence of strong or invincible people despite having the fragile nature of humans, and how differing ideas regarding higher beings, destinies or fate, and the laws of the universe control the thoughts and viewpoints of individuals, which are also universal themes seen in older or classical stories. Evasion of and Facing People, Circumstances, and Death Some of the most compelling stories include parts wherein the main protagonist escapes getting hunted down and killed by adversaries, of having the need to face the enemies, and the possibility of ending up dead. This is an archetypal storyline of heroes and their adventures or quests, which in a way builds the heroic character and nature of the main protagonists (Guerin 153). ... rchetypal predisposition, wherein there is an evasion of circumstances when a hero initially stops to think and plan, to meditate or do retrospective thinking in order to transform and become better (Guerin 166). On the other hand the need to face people, circumstances and death as the consequence of events are shown in Moss’s unexpected death not from Chigurh but from a group of Mexicans shows how he faces death as the circumstance of seeing the results of a drug deal gone wrong and holding on to money he does not rightfully own right from the start, of Chigurh facing divine punishment after getting hit by a car and nearly dying right after scenes imply that he killed Moss’s wife, Carla Jean, and of Sheriff Bell having to face the reality that he has to let go of some things and move on with his life as his retired uncle explains to him(â€Å"No Country†).While not in their entirety seen as an adventure or heroic story, the individual lives of Moss, Chigurh, and Sheriff Bell reflect similarities with the quests of mythical heroes, of which some may succeed such as Chigurh, some may fail such as Moss and his death, and some momentarily put it on hold such as Sheriff Bell’s thoughts on resignation. Invincibility and Weakness Invincibility and weakness are often bound to each other, and usually employed in some, if not most classical works to remind people that despite all perfections within humans there will always be a hint of a weakness to ground them as mere mortals (Guerin 153). The Coen Brothers exploited this archetypal image of invincibility and weakness in developing Chigurh, the main antagonist in No Country for Old Men. Chigurh’s character is the definition of a scary, amoral, and dangerous antagonist that cannot be persuaded to spare lives by any means

Critical Review-EU Sovereign Debt Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Review-EU Sovereign Debt Crisis - Essay Example This led to the creation of debt crisis in the countries of the European Union as the volume of bad loans started to increase (5 p,2). The increase in the number of bad loans led to the formation of a bubble until the bubble finally. This gave rise to the number of loan defaulters. The economy of European Union is such that the bloodstream of the economy is the interbank facilities of the European countries. The banks of the member countries not only lent each other for new finances but also offered credit for short term requirements. The bank lost huge funds in the form of bad loans on the back of financial and economic crisis in 2008. The banks of the European Union in countries like Greece, Italy, Spain and others incurred huge losses. The liquidity crunch in the short term operational requirements raised serious concerns in the European Union (1 p,37). Due to interlink between the European economies, the increase in the number of defaulters in a member’s financial system a ffected the economy of another European nation. For example, Italy owed an amount of $366billion to France. Due to non-repayment of loans, the increase in debt for France affected the economy of Italy. The spread of the liquidity crunch among the other nations in Europe and the rippling effect of the increase in debt of the European Nations resulted into the European sovereign debt crisis (3 p,29). Adding to this was the inability of the economies of European Union to print notes. The economies of the European Union had to depend on the European Central Bank based in Frankfurt for the provision of liquidity in the European economy. The increase in debts of the European Union needed timely intervention from the authorities of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the European Central bank for their bail outs (4 p,59). The rise in debt securities is given below. Open market operations of the economy were encouraged by the European Central Bank as a step for bailing out the E uropean nations from debt crisis. The European central bank bought the debt of the members of Euro-zone and also purchased the government securities. The concerns on inflation were also addressed by the European central bank by absorbing the same amount of liquidity (7 p,4). The bailout package designed for the European sovereign debt crisis is given below. Evaluation and Interpretation The dependence of the European member countries on each other for credit led to a widespread sovereign debt crisis in the Euro-zone. The debt crisis led to high liquidity crunch in the European economy and the members of the European Union were in dire need of annual funding. France, for example possessed a public debt which accounted to 86% of its GDP after the world war. Taking all micro as well as macro-economic factors into consideration for France, the country had an annual requirement of around 20% of its GDP. Greece and Portugal were among the member countries which were largely affected by th e Euro debt crisis with protests and showdowns ion Athens and Lisbon (2 p,45). The requirement of annual funding for Portugal, Italy, Spain and Belgium were 20%

Organizations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizations - Research Paper Example Progas is also a product for the organization. Natural gas is also an important product for the company. Apart from natural gas, the London based organization has products like Petroleum, Motor Fuels, and Petrochemical and aviation fuels. In 2013 revenue of the organization was US$ 396.217 billion. As far as the revenue of the organization is concerned it is the fifth largest organization in the industry. The company is vertically integrated. BP over the years has done multidimensional works in the industry. The organization is engaged with exploration, production, distribution, and refining, trading and power generation. BP is public limited company and shares of the organizations are traded in London Stock exchange, New York Stock exchange and Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Political and economic factors are the two key factors as far as the external environment of the organization is concerned. The organization has multinational presence. Political stability is significantly important for the company (Ulph, 2011, pp. 45-47). Political situations of the different countries vary from each other. Political situation of USA is significantly different from the same of Somalia and Pakistan. When the organization takes any project overseas, it involves lots of human resources, finances and technologies. Political instability can be a significant matter of concern for the organization. Global political unrests can delay the projects of BP. It can be a significant barrier to success as far as the financial results are concerned. Global economic situation is also a key external factor for the company. If the economic situation of the world is sluggish then revenue of the organization can decline because sales figure of the organization will decline due to sluggish economic situations. On the other hand if the global economy is doing well then demands of the energy products will