Study Guide for Albert Camuss The Fall

Delivered by a sophisticated, outgoing, yet often suspicious narrator, Albert Camus’s The Fall employs a format that is rather uncommon in world literature. Like novels such as Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground, Sartre’s Nausea, and Camus’s own The Stranger, The Fall is set up as a confession by a complicated main character—in this case, an exiled French lawyer named Jean-Baptiste Clamence. But The Fall—unlike these famous first-person writings—is actually a second-person novel. Clamence directs his confession at a single, well-defined listener, a â€Å"you† character who accompanies him (without ever speaking) for the duration of the novel. In the opening pages of The Fall, Clamence makes this listener’s acquaintance in a seedy Amsterdam bar known as Mexico City, which entertains â€Å"sailors of all nationalities† (4). Summary In the course of this initial meeting, Clamence playfully notes the similarities between him and his new companion: â€Å"You are my age in a way, with the sophisticated eye of a man in his forties who has seen everything, in a way; you are well dressed in a way, that is as people are in our country; and your hands are smooth. Hence a bourgeois, in a way! But a cultured bourgeois!† (8-9). However, there is much about Clamence’s identity that remains uncertain. He describes himself as â€Å"a judge-penitent,† yet doesn’t provide an immediate explanation of this uncommon role. And he omits key facts from his descriptions of the past: â€Å"A few years ago I was a lawyer in Paris and, indeed, a rather well-known lawyer. Of course, I didn’t tell you my real name† (17). As a lawyer, Clamence had defended poor clients with difficult cases, including criminals. His social life had been full of satisfactions—respect from his colleagues, affair s with many women—and his public behavior had been scrupulously courteous and polite. As Clamence sums up this earlier period: â€Å"Life, its creatures and its gifts, offered themselves to me, and I accepted such marks of homage with a kindly pride† (23). Eventually, this state of security began to break down, and Clamence traces his increasingly dark state of mind to a few specific life events. While in Paris, Clamence had an argument with â€Å"a spare little man wearing spectacles† and riding a motorcycle (51). This altercation with the motorcyclist alerted Clamence to the violent side of his own nature, while another experience—an encounter with a â€Å"slim young woman dressed in black† who committed suicide by throwing herself off a bridge—filled Clamence with a sense of â€Å"irresistible weakness (69-70). During an excursion to the Zuider Zee, Clamence describes the more advanced stages of his â€Å"fall.† At first, he began to feel intense turmoil and pangs of disgust with life, although â€Å"for some time, my life continued outwardly as if nothing had changed† (89). He then took turned to â€Å"alcohol and women† for comfort—yet only found temporary solace (103). Clamence expands upon his philosophy of life in the final chapter, which takes place in his own lodgings. Clamence recounts his disturbing experiences as a World War II prisoner of war, lists his objections to commonplace notions of law and freedom, and reveals the depth of his involvement in the Amsterdam underworld. (It turns out that Clamence keeps a famous stolen painting—The Just Judges by Jan van Eyck—in his apartment.) Clamence has resolved to accept life—and to accept his own fallen, immensely flawed nature—but has also resolved to share his troubling insights with anyone who will listen. In the final pages of The Fall, he reveals that his new profession of â€Å"judge-penitent† involves â€Å"indulging in public confession as often as possible† in order to acknowledge, judge, and do penance for his failings (139). Background and Contexts Camus’s Philosophy of Action: One of Camus’s greatest philosophical concerns is the possibility that life is meaningless—and the need (in spite of this possibility) for action and self-assertion. As Camus wrote in his tract The Myth of Sisyphus (1942), philosophical discourse â€Å"was previously a question of finding out whether or not life had to have a meaning to be lived. It now becomes clear on the contrary that it will be lived all the better if it has no meaning. Living an experience, a particular fate, is accepting it fully.† Camus then goes on to declare that â€Å"one of the only coherent philosophical positions is thus revolt. It is constant confrontation between man and his own obscurity.† Even though the Myth of Sisyphus is a classic of French Existentialist philosophy and a central text for understanding Camus, The Fall (which, after all, appeared in 1956) should not merely be taken as a fictional re-working of The Myth of Sisyphus. Cl amence does revolt against his life as a Paris lawyer; however, he retreats from society and tries to find specific â€Å"meanings† in his actions in a manner that Camus might not have endorsed. Camus’s Background in Drama: According to literary critic Christine Margerrison, Clamence is a â€Å"self-proclaimed actor† and The Fall itself is Camus’s â€Å"greatest dramatic monologue.† At several points in his career, Camus worked simultaneously as a playwright and a novelist. (His plays Caligula and The Misunderstanding appeared in the mid 1940s—the same period that saw the publication of Camus’s novels The Stranger and The Plague. And in the 1950s, Camus both wrote The Fall and worked on theater adaptations of novels by Dostoevsky and William Faulkner.) However, Camus was not the only mid-century author who applied his talents to both theater and the novel. Camus’s Existentialist colleague Jean-Paul Sartre, for instance, is famous for his novel Nausea and for his plays The Flies and No Exit. Another of the greats of 20th century experimental literature—Irish author Samuel Beckett—created novels that read a little like â€Å"dramatic monologues† (Molloy, Malone Dies, The Unnamable) as well as oddly-structured, character-driven plays (Waiting for Godot, Krapp’s Last Tape). Amsterdam, Travel, and Exile: Although Amsterdam is one of Europe’s centers of art and culture, the city takes on a rather sinister character in The Fall. Camus scholar David R. Ellison has found several references to disturbing episodes in Amsterdam’s history: first, The Fall reminds us that â€Å"the commerce linking Holland to the Indies included trade not just in spices, foodstuffs, and aromatic wood, but also in slaves; and second, the novel takes place after â€Å"the years of World War II in which the Jewish population of the city (and of the Netherlands as a whole) was subject to persecution, deportation, and ultimate death in Nazi prison camps.† Amsterdam has a dark history, and exile to Amsterdam allows Clamence to face his own unpleasant past. Camus declared in his essay â€Å"The Love of Life† that â€Å"what gives value to travel is fear. It breaks down a kind of inner dà ©cor in us. We can’t cheat any more—hide ourselves away behind the hours in the office or at the plant.† By going into living abroad and breaking his earlier, soothing routines, Clamence is forced to contemplate his deeds and face his fears. Key Topics Violence and Imagination: Although there is not much open conflict or violent action directly displayed in The Fall, Clamence’s memories, imaginings, and turns of imagery add violence and viciousness to the novel. After an unpleasant scene during a traffic jam, for instance, Clamence imagines pursuing a rude motorcyclist, â€Å"overtaking him, jamming his machine against the curb, taking him aside, and giving him the licking he had fully deserved. With a few variations, I ran off this little film a hundred times in my imagination. But it was too late, and for several days I chewed a bitter resentment† (54). Violent and disturbing fantasies help Clamence to communicate his dissatisfaction with the life he leads. Late in the novel, he compares his feelings of hopeless and perpetual guilt to a special kind of torture: â€Å"I had to submit and admit my guilt. I had to live in the little-ease. To be sure, you are not familiar with that dungeon cell that was called the litt le-ease in the Middle Ages. In general, one was forgotten there for life. That cell was distinguished from others by ingenious dimensions. It was not high enough to stand up in nor yet wide enough to lie down in. One had to take an awkward manner and live on the diagonal† (109). Clamence’s Approach to Religion: Clamence does not define himself as a religious man. However, references to God and Christianity play a major part in Clamence’s manner of speaking—and help Clamence to explain his changes in attitude and outlook. During his years of virtue and altruism, Clamence took Christian kindliness to grotesque proportions: â€Å"A very Christian friend of mine admitted that one’s initial feeling on seeing a beggar approach one’s house is unpleasant. Well, with me it was worse: I used to exult† (21). Eventually, Clamence finds yet another use for religion that is admittedly awkward and inappropriate. During his fall, the lawyer made references â€Å"to God in my speeches before the court†Ã¢â‚¬â€a tactic that â€Å"awakened mistrust in my clients† (107). But Clamence also uses the Bible to explain his insights about human guilt and suffering. For him, Sin is part of the human condition, and even Christ on the cross is a figure of guilt: â€Å"He knew he was not altogether innocent. If he did not bear the weight of the crime he was accused of, he had committed others—even though he didn’t know which ones† (112). Clamence’s Unreliability: At several points in The Fall, Clamence acknowledges that his words, actions, and apparent identity are of questionable validity. Camus’s narrator is very good at playing different, even dishonest roles. Describing his experiences with women, Clamence notes that â€Å"I played the game. I knew they didn’t like one to reveal one’s purpose too quickly. First, there had to be conversation, fond attentions, as they say. I wasn’t worried about speeches, being a lawyer, nor about glances, having been an amateur actor during my military service. I often changed parts, but it was always the same play† (60). And later in the novel, he asks a series of rhetorical questions—â€Å"Don’t lies eventually lead to the truth? And don’t all my stories, true or false, tend toward the same conclusion?†Ã¢â‚¬â€before concluding that â€Å"authors of confessions write especially to avoid confessing, to tell no thing of what they know† (119-120). It would be wrong to assume that Clamence has given his listener nothing but lies and fabrications. Yet it is possible that he is freely mixing lies and truth to create a convincing â€Å"act†Ã¢â‚¬â€that he strategically using a persona to obscure particular facts and feelings. A Few Discussion Questions Do you think that Camus and Clamence have similar political, philosophical, and religious beliefs? Are there any major differences—and if so, why do you think Camus decided to create a character whose views are so at odds with his own?In some important passages in The Fall, Clamence introduces violent images and intentionally shocking opinions. Why do you think Clamence is dwelling on such disconcerting topics? How is his willingness to make his listener uneasy tied to his role as a â€Å"judge-penitent?†Exactly how reliable is Clamence, in your opinion? Does he ever seem to exaggerate, to obscure the truth, or to introduce obvious falsehoods? Find a few passages where Clamence seems especially elusive or unreliable, and keep in mind that Clamence may become significantly more (or significantly less) reliable from passage to passage.Re-imagine The Fall told from a different perspective. Would Camus’s novel be more effective as a first-person account by Clamence, without a listener? As a straightforward, third-person description of Clamence’s life? Or is The Fall supremely effective in its present form? Note on Citations: All page numbers refer to Justin OBriens translation of The Fall (Vintage International, 1991).

Sol Definition in Chemistry

Essay On New Physics - 732 Words

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Metal Casting and Heat Treating Industry †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Metal Casting and Heat Treating Industry. Answer: Introduction For over to 56 years now, Dydo Manufacturing Ltd has been meeting the expectations of its clients by helping them with finding solutions to their problems as far as manufacturing is concerned. With its aim of Provision of quality workmanship as well as speedy turn around and delivery on commodities, the company has managed to handle the job from go to woe hence successfully able to manage the project. Through its Arum Product division, the company has manufactures, repairs as well as supplies besides maintaining consumable for furnaces, ovens and kilns. Dydo manufacturing company was founded on 21 March 2005, in Lower Hutt New Zealand. It has specialized in manufacturing, bending and roiling of metals, welding, die casting, furnaces, heat treatment, and kilns. Its services have expanded over time and it is involved in the landscaping of many streets in New Zealand as it is involved in the production of street sitting spaces, street lights, railings which are used to control pedestrians in the different towns in New Zealand(Kaye, 2015). Since its formation, the company has only been managed by one manager who ensures that Dydo manufacturing company is kept in the track of the latest global and New Zealand manufacturing landscape. The manufacturing sector of New Zealand had expanded evenly in the recent past and it's through that DyDo manufacturing industry was formed to deal with the fabrication of the metals in the lower Hutt which was to enable more developments of other sectors such as the construction industry which depends in manufacturing companies such as DyDo to do the fabrications of window casings, doors, staircases among many other building components(Mukherjee, 2014). Dydo manufacturing company is fast growing and with time there are plans to increase its operations to other parts of New Zealand, it has been considered as one of the best manufacturing company Hutt New Zealand which deals with different metal products. DyDo manufacturing company has been dealing with maintenance and repair of kilns and furnaces in many parts of New Zealand(Alez, 2014). The number of employees who are working with the Dydo manufacturing industry has been increasing in the recent past this has been attributed to the increased acceptance of the products which are produced by Dydo manufacturing company among the people of Hutt and New Zealand in general. Product(s) produced by Dydo manufacturing company Dydo manufacturing company has specialized in the rolling and bending a variety of aluminium, steel, and stainless steel sections. DyDo manufacturing company also provides assembly, manufacturing, and fabrication, die casting of zinc and aluminium and welding. There arum products division DyDo manufacturing they offer repair services, manufacture, supply and maintain consumables of the kilns, ovens, and furnaces(Jain J. P., 2014). They also heat treatment to all types of metals. There are other products which are provided by the DyDo manufacturing company such as the metal works of all kinds, specialist l fittings for lights, street lights, street furniture, and different types of handrails, window frames, spiral staircases, ceramic kilns, and heat treatments and die casting(Azhar, 2012). Dydo manufacturing company is also involved in bending, rolling and curving. DyDo company do the bending all around the corners which enables them to put curves in things such as in the designs which seems impossible to be achieved because of their complicated shapes and sizes .the company also manufactures, gates, fences such as sliding or hinged, balustrades and handrails according to the client's requirements(Beeley, 2016). The products and services which are produced by DyDo Company can be summarised as aluminium and lead die casting, furnaces which are either made of brass, steel or aluminium, manufacture of pottery kilns, security seals, curving of metals, rolling of metal works, and bending. Photos showing some of the products which are produced in the Dydo manufacturing industry. Most of the products which are produced in this company are consumed within Hutt while others are consumed in the larger parts of New Zealand. The products from Dydo industry has greatly been accepted by many people within Hutt and other parts of new Zealand because most of them are high quality products which meets the internally set standards concerning the metal fabrications. Also most of the services which are offered by the Dydo manufacturing industry such as maintenance and repair to the kilns and furnaces have been considered to be of high quality due to the professionals who highly experienced in terms of services provision(Bhardwaj, 2013). A new manufacturing strategy was formulated which was enabling the DyDo manufacturing company to be able to adapt to the working environment in which they were carrying out their operations to be much more flexible and to be in a position of satisfying all the client's requirements(Blair, 2015). The equipment above which have been adopted by the dydo manufacturing company are very flexible in that they can move from one point to another without necessary using the lifting equipment and machineries to the points where they era required. The flexibility of the equipment and machineries in the Dydo manufacturing company enables them to carry out fast production of services and products without being hindered by the immobility of the equipment(Blair, 2015). The flexible system which was observed in Dydo manufacturing was according to how the employees who were working in this company were much flexible.one employee was able to perform a number of tasks this was to enable easy shifting of the workers within the company(Company, 2015). Flexibility concept: The Dydo was able to adopt the system of flexibility which was to enable them to provide their products at low cost but high-quality products. In the flexible manufacturing, the dydo company was able to produce different products using the same equipment and tools without retooling. Also, there were measures which were to ensure that the company was able to convert its products and process to produce a new product from the old one. Dydo manufacturing company had adopted a system which enables them to produce efficiently high-quality products which are unique from the other products which are produced by similar companies. This system also enabled them to exploit various ways which enabled them to deliver quickly products and services quickly to the customers(Company, 2015). This flexible system enables the dydo manufacturing company to be able to rapidly increase the production or decrease the production of the products without doing a lot of changes to the staff or their resources. This was greatly achieved by adopting machines which were flexible in a way which was to enable a single machine to carry out different operations at the same time. Adopting such machines was able to reduce the number of machines and equipment which were in dydo manufacturing company. The flexibility of material handling: The different products which were produced by dydo manufacturing industry were to enable to be distracted into different parts so as to make the transportation and handling of the products much easier. This was also to enable the different operations to handle the same product(David Fofi, 2010). Dydo manufacturing company is much deducted to provide quality products and services which meet all the international standards which are set. They are able to maintain high-quality levels through the different techniques of quality control such as the quality audit of all the process which take place in the production of the products and services. Also, there was a strict inspection to all materials which were coming to the company so as to ensure that they were meeting the required standards, in that way all the materials which do not meet the required standard were not allowed into dydo manufacturing industry as they were to lower the quality of the products being produced(Davis, 2017). Dydo manufacturing company do usual checks of the first sample being produced and what the clients want before doing the mass production of the same this allows room for improving the product or the service being produced in that way they were able to reduce the wastes which may occur if mass production is done which does not meet the clients requirement.in most cases the client was invented to the company once the sample was produced so that that they can confirm that it is to the level of his/her expectations(Palade, 2017). There was a constant oversight the company in terms of production and quality. This enabled the staff and management to work toward achieving the production of high quality products, in cases where there is no constant overview of the company operations there is a high likelihood of the employees performing poorly due to lack of assessments which can enable them to know where the main cause of production of poor products and services(Jain J. P., 2014). During production checks: The checks which are carried out during the production process in dydo manufacturing g company enables them to identify the problem in the products and to ensure that the necessary actions are put in place to reverse what may lead to the production of low-quality services and products. Most of the things which results in the production of low quality products can be changed in the processes(Kimber, 2014).in Dydo manufacturing there were regular checks as the process of production was on this was to ensure that any mistake which may lead to poor products is corrected at that time through that they managed to produce high quality products which certifies the clients needs(Jain J. P., 2014). Dydo manufacturing industry ensures regular and constant inspection and analysis of the production methods which were used, in that case the methods the methods which might result in production of low-quality products were done away with and new methods were put in place which was to ensure production of high-quality products in that way the level of service provision was also improved. There are always new production methods which are witnessed day in dayout, Dydo manufacturing company does always regular checks to their manufacturing methods to ensure that the new production methods are implemented which leads to production of quality products(sarts, 2015).. The above photo shows an employee in the dydo manufacturing company trying to compare the produce sample with what the client wanted so as to ensure that the standard were met before the mass production is done(philips, 2013). Dydo manufacturing company welcomes all recommendations which can enable them to improve the production of their products and on how to improve the delivery of the service to the clients in time as it is known quality does not refer to the quality products alone but also refers on how the services are offered to the clients. Most of the clients who were not certified with the services or products which were produced by the company are welcomed to give out suggestions on how to improve the quality of the products and services in that way Dydo manufacturing company has been able to maintain the production of high quality products over a time now(Kimber, 2014). Computerization of the quality control: Dydo manufacturing company a computerized system which enable them to be able to produces standardised products because of the recent past of the manufacturing industries have adopted computers to their system of production so as to ensure that the products whichare produced are of the required qualities. The standards are easily achieved through the computerization process because the set out standards are fed into the computers and to the system which results in production of quality uniform products which meets the international standards(richards, 2013). Computers also are very flexible in that they can do many tasks at ago trough that the Dydo manufacturing company was able to carry out the production and provision of the services at a much faster way. Dydo manufacturing industry has ensured that the control of their quality by ensuring that their process, machinery, equipment, and systems meet the standards that are required. Their comprehensive system of quality control is mainly achieved by certification of their staff which makes them comply with all the requirements of the dydo manufacturing company so as to meet the standards which are set(Janes, 2014). Dydo manufacturing company has highly qualified staffs which ensure that they have the required skills and resources as required by the company so as to produce quality products. Regular inspection, testing, certification, and verification ensures that the clients requirements are achieved and the quality of products and services provided to them is of the required quality(jones, 2014). The qualified and experienced technicians and the availability of resources also contribute to the provision of high-quality products. Regular repairs to the machinery which are used in the manufacturing of the products also contribute to the controlled provision of quality services.Most of the employees who were working in the Dydo manufacturing company are motivated because of the tools and equipment which they were using most of the machinery were well serviced which made the workers to work efficiently without any challenge(Kutz, 2011). Dydo manufacturing company has ensured that the quality of their machinery does not deteriorate to the point of putting the lives of those people who are working with them at risk. The self-employed and other relevant companies have been contracted to maintain the machines and equipment in a state which ensures that they work efficiently and that they are usually in a good state of repair(Zhang, 2011). The type and nature of maintained which is to be done on given machinery are determined through the assessment which is carried out so as to determine the risks which the equipment imposes to the employees(Zhang, 2011). Manufacturer recommendations on how regular repairs and servicing should be done are highly observed to all levels. The equipment which is used in Dydo manufacturing company all were obtained from licensed supplies and manuals were issued out on how they should be operated and the regular servicing which should be put in place.at the company, I witnessed that all the directions on how to maintain the machinery had been observed to ensure the quality of the equipment is met. The intensity at which the equipment is closely monitored: The Maintenance of a given equipment or machinery is controlled when the intensity of how the equipment is under control. The equipment which is under regular intense usage is prone to wear and tear. There was a team of experts which was responsible to ensure that the maintenance of the equipment was up to the standards and they set out guidelines on how regular the given machinery and equipment should be done(Rao, 2011). The maintenance of the equipment was well controlled by ensuring that the people who were using that equipment have the required level of experience to reduce the damages which happens on them due to the carelessness of the users. The regular maintenance which was done on the equipment was carried out regularly was done by the people who have adequate knowledge concerning the equipment and machinery. All the equipment was normally shut down when they were not in use and any of the remaining energy which was stored in them is released. For the equipment which poses high levels of risks measures were put in place so that the equipment disconnects it selves from power the moment they are not in use(SINGH, 2011). Dydo manufacturing company has set up services the team of technicians who are responsible for maintenance knows the kind of service which each equipment requires, the interval between the services and the alternative method of servicing the equipment through that they have managed to have a consistent close attention to the serving which is the drone to the equipment(Singh, 2012). All the warning alerts for each equipment are put in place so as to ensure that before any form of repair or maintenance is done the requirements are met. This ensures close monitoring to the repairs and services which are carried out. Purchasing information of the equipment is well recorded so as to ensure that during the time of repair all the tools which were given together during the purchasing of the equipment are input in place and are used as per the instructions which were given during the time of purchasing(Tari, 2015). The warranty information of the equipment is well recorded in dydo manufacturing industry which enables the technical team which is responsible for the servicing to know the type of warranty and what it covers .in that order the servicing of the equipment is controlled by the nature of the warranty because some of the repairs of the equipment in the company was covered by the warranty. I visited Dydo manufacturing company on 24 October 2017 to learn more about their operations, products and services. I met Tony Van Dyk who guided me throughout the visit and gave me the contacts through which on can contact Dydo manufacturing company. 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